The complicated, fraught connection between gun violence and mental health

The unthinkable has become horribly predictable.

On Tuesday afternoon, an 18-year-old gunman opened fire at a Texas elementary school in Uvalde, Texas, about 85 miles west of San Antonio, killing at least 18 children, three adults, and injuring others.

It was the deadliest shooting at a grade school in the U.S. since a 20-year-old gunman killed 20 first-graders and six educators at Sandy Hook Elementary in Newtown, Conn., on Dec. 14, 2012.

Once again, lawmakers, mental-health professionals, gun-control advocates, the National Rifle Association and people across the land are searching for answers, and debating gun-control laws — or lack thereof — in the United States.

“People with mental-health issues are more likely to be victims than perpetrators,” said Chethan Sathya, a pediatric trauma surgeon and director of Northwell Health’s Center for Gun Violence Prevention, headquartered in New Hyde Park, N.Y.

“We have to be very careful how we talk about the link between the two,” he said. “When it comes to folks with mental-health issues these public-health strategies are important because they often involve the victims themselves.”

More than 50% of firearm-related deaths were suicides, and more than four out of every 10 were homicides, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said. More than seven out of every 10 medically treated firearm injuries are caused by firearm-related assaults.

In 2020, there were 45,222 firearm-related deaths in the U.S., according to the CDC, equivalent to about 124 people dying from a firearm-related injury each day.

‘Increasingly, we are seeing people who are frustrated, angry and hateful and using firearms to take that out on a particular group.’


— Cassandra Crifasi,  Deputy Director of the Center for Gun Violence at Johns Hopkins

Cassandra Crifasi, an associate professor in the Department of Health Policy and Management at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, said there is a distinction between a diagnosable mental-health issue and other problems.

“Increasingly, we are seeing people who are frustrated, angry and hateful and using firearms to take that out on a particular group, and taking that out on a group of individuals through mass violence,” she told MarketWatch.

Bluntly linking mental health to gun violence can stigmatize the former, especially given that more than 50% of people will be diagnosed with a mental illness or disorder at some point in their lifetime, according to the CDC.

Furthermore, one in five Americans will experience a mental illness in a given year. Clearly, not everyone with mental-health issues are carrying out mass shootings. But are those who commit mass shootings in a stable mental state? 

Few details are known about Uvalde shooter’s state of mind and/or motivations, Crifasi said, adding, “As for someone who would commit mass shootings as happened today, folks would agree that there is something wrong with that person.”

But she said trying to parse apart the motivations and mental health of the shooter distracts from the more useful actions Americans can take to prevent another suicide or homicide by a shooting — and especially in a school.

Those factors include requiring a license to buy a firearm, and right-to-carry laws in certain states that give people the right to carry concealed handguns outside of the home without a permit, or with a permit issued by a state.

‘I think we can all agree that a person with a serious mental-health problem should not have access to a gun.’


— Jacquelyn Campbell, a national leader in research and advocacy on domestic violence

“Gun violence is definitely a huge driver of increasing homicides, including mass shootings, all over the country,” said Jacquelyn Campbell, an academic nurse known for her research on domestic violence and violence against women.

She cites “the alarming increase in gun purchases over the last few years, in part driven by the pandemic but also in part driven by gun manufacturer and NRA marketing and perceptions of lack of public safety.”

People who do have serious mental-health problems and/or anger-management issues, or deep frustration with their lives or the world, or other undiagnosed crises come from both affluent and disadvantaged communities, she said.

But prevention can also start at home. “I think we can all agree that a person with a serious mental-health problem should not have access to a gun. That’s where ‘red flag’ laws come into play,” she said.

Red-flag laws, also known as extreme-risk protection orders, or ERPOs, allow a family member or law-enforcement officer who spots warning signs to seek a court order to temporarily confiscate a person’s firearms.

Sathya agrees that the latest tragedy speaks to the need for responsible gun ownership and access. “How do you improve safe storage so that those who might be at imminent risk to self or others don’t have access to a weapon?”

Enacted so far in 19 states and the District of Columbia. Red-flag laws can play a role in preventing mass shootings, a study published in 2019 in the Annals of Internal Medicine suggests.

‘People with mental-health issues are more likely to be victims than perpetrators.’


— Chethan Sathya, director of Northwell Health’s Center for Gun Violence Prevention

Researchers conducted a preliminary analysis of the impacts of California’s ERPO statute, under which ERPOs are called gun-violence restraining orders, or GVROs, implemented in January 2016.

They detailed 21 cases in which a GVRO was issued after a person “had made a clear declaration of intent to commit a mass shooting” or exhibited behavior suggesting as much, and had or would soon gain access to firearms.

“In these cases, GVROs allowed for immediate intervention to reduce firearm access, in most instances because of timely reports from threatened parties and members of the public,” the researchers wrote.

As always, the authors added an important caveat to their findings. “It is impossible to know whether violence would have occurred had GVROs not been issued, and we make no claim of a causal relationship.”

Campbell added: “Texas laws are not as strong as they might be about checking for prohibitions against gun ownership from those with felony convictions or domestic violence convictions or protective orders.”

Last year, Texas Gov. Greg Abbott, a Republican, signed a law that allowed residents in that state to carry a handgun without first having to obtain a license, which effectively permitted most people over the age of 21 to carry a handgun.

You must be at least 18 years of age to legally buy a rifle in Texas, and be 21 to legally buy a handgun from a licensed dealer. The 18-year-old gunman in Uvalde is suspected of killing his grandmother before embarking on the shootings.

The National Rifle Association did not immediately respond to a request for comment.

(Meera Jagannathan contributed to this report.)

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